UWEKEZAJI BORA KWA MAZAO BORA YA MITI

UWEKEZAJI BORA KWA MAZAO BORA YA MITI

Uwekezaji Bora.

Uwekezaji wa kupanda miti unachukua muda mrefu kidogo ukilinganisha na mazao mengine ya nafaka hivyo toka muda wa kupanda inaweza kuchukua si chini ya miaka minne kwa Mikaratusi/Milingoti/Eucalyptus na miaka nane hadi kumi kwa Mipaina/Pines ndiyo uanze kuvuna. Unatakiwa kwenda nayo taratibu hivyo kila mwaka unaweza kupanda miti kiasi/heka chache ili utakapoanza uvunaji uendelee kuvuna kila mwaka na kupanda tena ulikovuna.

NB: Lakini pia hili linategemea na malengo binafsi au kulingana na kipato cha uwekezaji.

Kuhusu gharama za kununua na kupanda Miti zinatofautiana kufuatana na sehemu/mahali husika. Lakini kichocheo kikubwa huwa ni miundombinu na hali ya hewa nzuri kwa ustawi wa Miti. Kwa wakati huu maeneo mengi yenye rutuba na miundombinu nzuri yamepata wateja wengi na kupelekea wamiliki kupandisha bei ya Ardhi katika miaka ya hivi karibuni. Bei ya hekali moja kwa sasa inaanzia TSh 70,000/= kwa maeneo yaliyo mbali zaidi lakini inafika hadi 300,000/= kwa maeneo yaliyo na miundombunu nzuri na ambayo yapo karibu na barabara kuu.  Pia bei ya shamba inaweza kupungua kulingana na ununuaji wa shamba lenye hekali nyingi zaidi. Vilevile bei ya miche ya Miti pia inapishana kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine ila kwa maeneo mengi mche wa mti wa Mpaina/Mlingoti huuzwa kwa bei ya wastani wa TSh. 150/=.

Mazao Bora ya Miti:

Kiasi cha mazao ya miti kama mbao, nguzo, kuni na mirunda/mijengo utakazopata zitagemeana na vitu vifuatavyo;

ü  Ubora wa shamba na Aina ya miti ya Kupanda,

ü  Utumiaji wa Mbegu bora,

ü  Uandaaji wa shamba na Nafasi ya Upandaji Miti(spacing),

ü  Matunzo ya Miti,

ü  Umri wa Miti na Namna ya Uvunaji.

Ubora wa Shamba na Aina ya Miti Kupanda.

Rutuba na udongo wenye uwezo wa kupitisha maji kiasi na kuyahifadhi kwa muda mrefu ni sifa kubwa katika ustawi wa miti. Kwani miti inahitaji maji na virutubisho kutoka katika ardhi hivyo uwezo wa udongo kwenye shamba ni muhimu kuzingatiwa. Maeneo mengi ya nyanda za juu kusuni yana bahati ya kuwa na mvua nyingi na hali ya hewa inayowezesha miti hii ya kigeni kuweza kustawi na kukua kwa haraka. Wastani wa mvua kwa mwaka ni muhimu kuzingatiwa kulinga na aina ya miti inayotakiwa kupandwa.

Nashauri hili kwa sababu kwa wakati huu kuna wadau wengi wamejitokeza kujihusisha na udalali wa ardhi lakini pia madalali hao huwashawishi wawekezaji/wateja wao kuandaa na kuwapandia Miti katika mashamba yao. Hii hupelekea wengi wao kuweza kutumia njia rahisi na mbegu za bei ya chini ili kutaka kupata faida zaidi. Hii ni mbaya zaidi kwa wakulima wageni/wanaoanza uwekezaji huu kwani madhara yake huanza kuonekana baada ya mwaka wa pili na tatu ambapo hupelekea mkulima kupata hasara kubwa. Hasara hii husababishwa na Miti kufa na kudhoofika na kupelekea kutoa mazao duni. Pia ubora wa shamba uendane na ghalama kwa kuzingatia vitu muhimu kama rutuba, upatikanaji wa mvua, mteremko wa wastani na miundombinu nzuri ya barabara. Nashauri usikubali kukodishiwa shamba kwa ajili ya upandaji miti kwani huu ni uwekezaji wa muda mrefu na ardhi ni sehemu ya uwekezaji pia. Sehemu ambayo upandaji wa miti umeshika kasi sana lazima ardhi itakuwa aghali kidogo japokuwa ndiyo sehemu nzuri kwani wananchi wake watakuwa na uzoefu wa upandaji miti na hutakuwa peke yako itakuwezesha kupata nguvu kazi pamoja na kudhibiti moto kirahisi.

Miti ya mipaina na milingoti/mikaratusi huhitaji rutuba na mvua za kutosha katika kuimarisha ustawi mzuri lakini baadhi ya miti ya milingoti/mikaratusi inauwezo wa kustahimili kwenye maeneo yenye mvua za wastani. Maeneo yenye miteremko sio mazuri kwa kilimo cha milingoti/mikaratusi kwani miti hii huhitaji kufanyiwa usafi/palizi vizuri hasa mwaka wa kwanza na pia uvunaji wa mazao yake kama mirunda na nguzo huwa rahisi kusafirishwa kwa lori kufika shambani.   

Utumiaji wa Mbegu Bora.

Utumiaji wa mbegu bora za Miti huwezesha miti kukua kwa haraka na pia Miti kuwa na ubora unaofanana.  Hii ni muhimu kwani Miti inayokuwa kwa haraka ina uwezekano wa kupona kwa asilimia kubwa (survival) baada ya kupandwa.

Mfano: Heka moja inayoweza kuchukua Miti 450 hadi 620 inaweza kuwa na survival ya 80% ya miti hiyo baada ya mwaka wa kwanza wakati shamba la Mbegu za kawaida inaweza isifikie hata 50% ya miti yake shambani. Kufanana kwa miti ni huku kama miti imepandwa mwaka mmoja na mbegu moja iliyoboreshwa mara nyingi hustawi kwa kimo na ubora unaofanana.

Mbegu bora za miti ni zipi?

Kwa kifupi mbegu nyingi za mipaina na Milingoti tunazozipanda zimemezalishwa kutoka kwenye miti ambayo iliingizwa na wazungu wakiwemo wakoloni na wamisionari kwenye miaka ya 1930’s ambazo walizipanda kwenye mikoa ya Iringa, Mbeya, Arusha na Kilimanjaro ambako walianzisha mashamba. Hivyo kutoka miaka hiyo hadi sasa unaweza kuona kuwa na miti ya uzao wa nne ambayo imekuwa kwa mzunguko(rotation) wa miaka 20. Kumbuka tangu mbegu hizi kuingia nchini hakuja wahi kuwa na mashamba maalum kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa mbegu bora za Miti hapa nchini hata nchi za Afrika Mashariki.

Mbegu bora za miti huzalishwa kwenye shamba maalum liitwalo kwa kimombo Seed Orchard. Maandalizi ya shamba hili kwanza kabisa huanzia kwenye mbegu na hapa huchaguliwa miti maalumu kwa mazao maaluum.

Mbegu wa ajili ya miti ya mbao huchaguliwa kutoka kwenye uzao wa miti iliyo na sifa ya kukua kwa haraka na kwa kunyooka ili kupata mbao zenye ubora na kwa muda mfupi. Vilevile mbegu kwa matumizi ya kuni huchaguliwa kutoka katika uzao wa miti inayotoa nishati nzuri ya moto na pia inayokua kwa haraka.

Mbegu hizi huchambuliwa mbegu zenye uwezo wa kuota vizuri na kuhakikisha mama zao hawana matatizo mengine kama magonjwa baadaye kupandwa kwenye mashamba maalumu ambayo hutengwa na mashamba ya kawaida ili kuepuka kuchanganya mbegu wakati wa uchavushaji. Baada ya miaka isiyopungua 20 zoezi hili hurudiwa kwa kuchukua mbegu mpya za uzao huu na kupandwa tena ila katika awamu hii uangalizi na udhibiti wa uchaushaji huboreshwa zaidi na kuhakikisha tukio hilo linasimamiwa na ikiwezekana hufanywa na binadamu badala ya wadudu kama nyuki na vipepeo. Baada ya miaka 20 tena ndio sasa mbegu huvunwa na kuchambuliwa mbegu zenye ubora wa kuota vizuri na ndio tunaweza kuziita MBEGU BORA. Kwa sasa mbegu bora zinazalishwa zaidi nchi za Afrika ya kusini, Zibwabwe kwa Afrika.

NB: Kuna mbegu zinaitwa Clone seeds hizi hutokana na kukopi genes za uzao mmoja na kuuunganisha na uzao mwingine wa mti kwa jamii ile ile au tofauti na ile. Zoezi hili huanzia maabara na baadaye kuendelea shambani. Huku shambani baada ya mbegu iliyopatikana kuzalishwa huoteshwa na baada ya kukua kwa muda kama mwaka mmoja, mti huu kukatwa ili kusababisha machipukizi ambayo hutolewa vikonyo na kuchomekwa kwenye viriba au majaruba ili kuzalisha miche ya miti. Miti hii hupewa majina kutokana na uzao wake, Mfano: GC514 hapa G inawakilisha uzao wa Eucalyptus grandis na C ni Eucalyptus camaldulensis hapo hii Na; 514 inakuwa kama namba ya usajili au utambuzi kwani hubeba maelezo zaidi ya namna hatua za maabara zilivyofanyika. Kumbuka miche ya Clone seeds huzalishwa kutoka kwenye vikonyo vya mti mmoja na sio kwa kutumia mbegu, hii huipa sifa miti ya clone kuwa na sifa zinazofanana zaidi kuliko miti iliyopandwa kutokana na mbegu.

Uandaaji wa shamba na Nafasi ya Upandaji Miti (spacing)

Uandaaji wa shamba ni vizuri liandaliwe kwa kulilima lote kwa kutumia jembe la mkono, trekta au jembe la kukokotwa na ng’ombe ndio kunapendekezwa zaidi. Pia unaweza lima upana wa mita moja katika mstari wa kupanda miti au kulima visahani vya upana wa mita moja na sehemu iliyobaki kufyeka majani yote. Aina hizi tatu ndio zinazoshauriwa zaidi kwa ukuaji wa haraka na kupata mazao bora zaidi.

Nafasi kutoka mti hadi mti unashauriwa uwe ni mita 3x3 hasa kwa miti ya mipaina ili kuweza kutanuka zaidi. Nafasi hii huwezesha miti kuweza kupata mwanga na chakula cha kutosha tangu kupandwa hadi inapofikisha umri wa miaka mine. Kwa miti ya milingoti/mikaratusi ambayo hasa inayopandwa kwa mazao ya mirunda inaweza kupandwa nafasi ya mita 2.5x2.5 kwani miti hii huhitaji kurefuka zaidi kuliko kutanuka.

Matunzo ya Miti.

Baada ya kupanda miti kwenye shamba utunzaji wa miti ni muhimu ili kuimarisha ustawi wa miti hiyo. Kama nilivyo dokeza mwanzoni miti ya milingoti/mikaratusi inahitaji usafi zaidi kuliko mipaina. Hivyo hakikisha shamba lako la miti linapaliliawa lota kama shamba la mahindi  kwani hii ndio njia bora ya ukuaji haraka na unaozuia majanga ya moto na magonjwa ya miti kwa kiasi cha juu. Njia nyingine ni kupalilia visahani au kufyeka majani yote shambani njia hii inafaa hasa kwa miti ya mipaina. Palizi mara nyingi huwa ni kwa miaka miwili hadi mitatu pale miti itakapoanza kufunga baada ya matawi yake kukua.

Kupogolea (Pruning) ni muhimu sana kwa miti ya mipaina kwani miti ya milingoti haihitaji kupogolewa kwa sababu huwa inajipogolesha yenyewe (self-pruning), ugoleaji uanze kuanzia mwaka wa tatu toka miti kupandwa kwa kuzingatia ukuaji wa matawi ya chini kutoka mti hadi mti kukua kiasi cha kugusana na ufanyike kwa kutumia kisu au panga lenye makali kwa kukata tawi karibu kabisa na shina la mti. Tukio hili lifanyike kipindi cha kiangazi wakati mvua zimesimama ili kuharakisha uponaji wa kidonda/kovu na kupunguza miti kuoza.

Kupunguzia miti (thinning) ni moja ya hatua muhimu kwenye utunzanji wa shamba la miti na ambayo wakulima wengi hawaizingatii. Kupunguzia miti ni kuondoa baadhi ya miti shambani ili kuipatia miti iliyobaki nafasi zaidi kwa upatikanaji wa mwanga wa jua na maji ardhini. Lakini hili pia huzingatiwa kutokana na aina ya mazao yanayotarajiwa. Kitaalamu tunashauri ili kupata mbao pana zaidi na nguzo kubwa za umeme mkulima lazima aache nusu ya miti shambani ifikapo mwaka wa kumi. Kwa miti iliyopandwa kwa ajili ya mazao ya kuni na karatasi sio lazima kupunguziwa.

Njia za kuzuia moto (Fire Lines) zinatakiwa zitengeneze kila mwaka baada tu ya msimu wa mvua kuisha bila kukosa kuzingatia ukubwa wa shamba lako. Ni vizuri na rahisi kuweka njia ya moto kwenye shamba kubwa kuanzia heka kumi ili kupunguza ghalama na upotevu wa eneo la uzalishaji. Angalau uweke njia ya moto yenye upana wa mita tano hadi kumi kutoka shamba moja hadi jingine kwani njia hizi pia zitatumika wakati wa uvunaji kwa ajili ya kupitisha magari.

Pia ulinzi wa magonjwa mbalimbali lazima uwepo ili kuhakikisha miti yenye tatizo inatibiwa au kukatwa na kuchomwa ili kudhibiti kuenea kwa magonjwa shambani. Ila kwa sasa tunabahati ya kutokuwa na magonjwa mengi nchini mwetu hivyo hili sio la kuhofiwa sana.

Umri wa mti na namna ya uvunaji.

Kama mambo manne hapo juu yakizingatiwa basi thamani na ubora wa mazao ya miti yatategemea umri wa mti shambani. Mara nyingi umri wa mti ndio unaoelekeza bei katika kilimo cha miti hivyo thamani ya shamba la miti huongezeka thamani kutoka mwaka hadi mwaka.

Mfano; maeneo mengi ya mkoa wa Njombe shamba lenye miti ya mipaina au milingoti/mikaratusi yenye umli wa mwaka mmoja linauzwa kuanzia TSh. 1,000,000/= hadi 2,000,000/=.

Wengi wetu miti ya mipaina ikifika umli wa miaka 12 tunavuna, na kinachopatikana siyo haba lakini nadhani ni vizuri zaidi kuvuna kuanzia miaka 15 au 20 hivi kwani utakuwa na uhakika wa kupata pingili ndefu siyo chini ya mbili zenye urefu wa futi 12 na mbao za 2x6  angalau 6 na kwenda juu Kwa kawaida tegemea kupata kati ya mbao tano za 2x6 kama ukiharakisha kuvuna lakini mti huo kama umekomaa (miaka 20 hivi) umetunzwa vizuri na ulipandwa kwa nafasi nzuri unaweza kutoa hadi mbao 10. Ubao mmoja wa 2x6 uliowekwa dawa (treated timber) katika jiji la Dar es salaam unauzwa siyo chini ya TShs 17,000/= na ukiwa bado Njombe kiwandani bila dawa ni Shs 10,000/=. Kwa miti ya milingoti/mikaratusi inaweza kuvunwa baada ya miaka minne kwa zao la mirunda ambayo huuzwa kuanzia TShs. 3000/= kwa mti na baada ya miaka sita miti hii huweza kutoa mazao ya nguzo ndogo za fensi na umeme yenye thamani ya TShs. 10,000/=. Baada ya kupunguzwa shambani miti hii hutoa zao la nguzo kubwa za umeme, mbao pamoja na kuni ambapo kila mti unathamani ya TShs 50,000/=.

Uvunaji wa kisasa ni ule unaozingatia ubora wa mazao ya miti hasa umli pia kuhakikisha uvunaji unafanyika kwa vifaa bora kama chain saw kuangusha na kuakata matawi na table saw kwa ajili ya kuchana mbao.

PINUS WOOD 🌳🌱

"Strange that so few come to the woods to see how the pine lives and grows and spires,
lifting its evergreen arms to the light -- to see its perfect success." -- Henry David Thoreau

What are Pine Trees ?

Pine trees (the genus Pinus) are distinguished from all other trees by: (a) having uncovered seeds borne in pairs on the bracts of (female) cones (as do other genera of the Pinaceae family) and (b) narrow leaves ("needles") arranged in bundles of 2 to 5 and with a permanent or deciduous sheath at their bases. Such bundles of needles are called fascicles (after the bundle of sticks around the axe which represented the power of the Roman senate). There are usually 2 to 5 leaves per fascicle (very rarely 1, or 6 to 8). The individual needles in one fascicle , when viewed in cross section, are like pie-shaped segments which fit together form a complete circle. Therefor each needle has a hemispherical cross section (if there are 2 needles per fascicle) or triangular cross section (if there are 3 or more needles per fascicle).

Pines are classically divided into two major groups (subgenera):

(a) Strobus ("white" pines) and (b) Pinus ("yellow" pines).

A third subgenus, Ducampopinus, intermediate between these two, has been proposed (Please see file "#10, Classification of the Genus Pinus" in the Directory). The Strobus subgenus (and also subgenus Ducampopinus) has one fibrovascular bundle per leaf, ie., they are haploxylon. The subgenus Pinus has two fibrovascular bundles per leaf, i.e. they are diploxylon. As a rule (not always), they have the following arrangement of leaves and leaf sheaths.

Subgenus STROBUS :     Subgenus PINUS:

Pines are mostly large trees with a straight trunk with whorls of smaller lateral branches, but they have a wide range of habits varying from tall narrow trees to small bushy trees to prostrate shrubs. They are generally long-lived, usually over 100 years in suitable environments. The longest living individuals of any kind are the fabled intermountain bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) which currently has living trees at least 4,800 years old. (The root systems of the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) may be even older). All pine species are evergreen, i.e., they keep their leaves for at least two growing seasons (and up to about 30 years in the case of P. longaeva)

They are monoecious, i.e., individual trees have both female (megasporangiate) cones which bear the ovules and male (microsporangiate) cones which shed the pollen. The pollen is carried by wind and gravity; none of the pines is pollinated by insects or birds. All pines have 12 pairs of chromosomes, as do other genera of the Pinaceae family except two (Douglas firs have 13 and false larches have 11).

About three-fifths of the pine species are currently classified in the subgenus Pinus (Diploxylon) pines, commonly called hard pines or yellow pines. The other two-fifths is comprised of the subgenus Strobus (Haploxylon) pines which are also called soft pines or white pines. (The new subgenus Ducampopinus would account for about one-fifth of the species, leaving approximately one-fifth in the genus Strobus). The subgenus Pinus has two fibrovascular bundles running the length of the needle (hence diploxylon) and the Strobus subgenus (and also Ducampopinus) has one (haploxylon) fibrovascular bundle. Diploxylon pines generally differ from the Haploxylon pines by having harder yellower wood, cones that are often armed with a prickle, stiffer needles with permanent needle sheaths and the development of rough scaly bark at a younger age.

The pine genus is generally sun-loving and relatively shade-intolerant. They are less likely than shade-tolerant genera (e.g. spruces and firs) to grow up from seedlings in an already established shady forest, so pine trees are less favored in mixed conifer and uneven-aged forests and often are not the "climax" trees in densely vegetated forests. But they are usually among the first trees to establish on open ground that is being revegetated after fire or other disturbance and are often found in pure even-age stands or in savanna (more open) settings where drought and fires control tree density. In the huge Longleaf pine forests along the Gulf and southeast Altlantic Coasts from east Texas to Virginia and Delaware, fire was just as essential as rain in preserving the pine's dominance.

The family Pinaceae evolved in the northern hemisphere during the early Cretaceous or Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, 130 to 200 million years ago and by the late Cretaceous the genus Pinus had already differentiated into haploxylon and diploxylon subgenera. They have flourished and evolved into about 120 species and subspecies world-wide, still almost all in the northern hemisphere. Only one species (P. merkusii) extends about one degree south of the equator in Sumatra. They grow from desert edge to rain forests and from sea level to mountain treeline. The country with the most species of pines is Mexico, which has approximately 60 species and subspecies, followed by the United States (about 45) and China (about 21). The Mexican highlands have been an evolutionary center for new pine species.

For Communication:

Forester: KELVIN G. MANYILIZU
forestry.4lfoundation@yahoo.com
+255 683 947 507
Plants 🌿 Trees, Save Life
Green Tanzania 🇹🇿

PLANT TREE, SAVE LIFE 🍃

         HELP US TO FIGHT AGAINST

                    CLIMATE CHANGE 

• At least do not ruin the life of those trees, depending on which we live. Let’s prove that we are humans.
• A society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they shall never sit it.
• A tree is a collective property so take care of it.
• A tree that stay, keep flood away.
• All the trees are losing their leaves, and not one of them is worried.
• Be like a tree. Stay grounded. Connect with your roots. Turn over a new leaf. Bend before you break. Enjoy your unique natural beauty. Keep growing.
• Consider the birds and the bees and stop cutting down the trees.

Pichani ni Balozi wa Utalii nchini Tanzania akiwa na mti kwa ajili ya kupanda ili kuokoa maisha na kupambana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hela

English: 
Tourism ambassador from Tanzania with tree prepared to plant in order to save life and Fight against the climate change 

PLANT TREE, SAVE LIFE

PANDA MTI, OKOA MAISHA


KELVIN  G. MANYILILZU
Phone No :+255 683 947 507
Email: gervask2@gmail.com